Difference between revisions of "D for Win32"

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(Created page with " == Windows == This describes the D implementation for 32 bit Windows systems. Naturally, Windows specific D features are not portable to other platforms. Instead of the: #...")
 
m (github.com/AndrejMitrovic/DWinProgramming is the original "D Win Programming" repository and is more up to date)
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= Introduction =
== Windows ==
 
 
 
 
This describes the D implementation for 32 bit Windows systems. Naturally, Windows specific D features are not portable to other platforms.
 
This describes the D implementation for 32 bit Windows systems. Naturally, Windows specific D features are not portable to other platforms.
  
 
Instead of the:
 
Instead of the:
 
+
<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
 
#include <windows.h>
 
#include <windows.h>
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
  
 
of C, in D there is:
 
of C, in D there is:
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="D">
 +
import core.sys.windows.windows;
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
 +
= Calling Conventions =
 +
In C, the Windows API calling conventions are '''__stdcall'''. In D, it is simply:
 +
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
 +
extern (Windows)
 +
{
 +
    /* ... function declarations ... */
 +
}
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
 +
The Windows linkage attribute sets both the calling convention and the name mangling scheme to be compatible with Windows.
 +
 +
For functions that in C would be '''__declspec(dllimport)''' or '''__declspec(dllexport)''', use the export attribute:
 +
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="C">
 +
export void func(int foo);
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
 +
If no function body is given, it's imported. If a function body is given, it's exported.
 +
 +
= Windows Executables =
 +
Windows GUI applications can be written with D. A sample such can be found in \samples\d\winsamp.d
 +
 +
These are required:
 +
 +
1. Instead of a '''main''' function serving as the entry point, a '''WinMain''' function is needed.
  
 +
2. '''WinMain''' must follow this form:
 +
 +
<syntaxhighlight lang="D">
 +
import core.runtime;
 
import core.sys.windows.windows;
 
import core.sys.windows.windows;
 +
import std.string;
 +
 +
extern (Windows)
 +
int WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
 +
            LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
 +
{
 +
    int result;
 +
 +
    try
 +
    {
 +
        Runtime.initialize();
 +
        result = myWinMain(hInstance, hPrevInstance, lpCmdLine, nCmdShow);
 +
        Runtime.terminate();
 +
    }
 +
    catch (Throwable e)
 +
    {
 +
        MessageBoxA(null, e.toString().toStringz(), null,
 +
                    MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);
 +
        result = 0;    // failed
 +
    }
 +
 +
    return result;
 +
}
 +
 +
int myWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
 +
              LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
 +
{
 +
    // ... insert user code here ...
 +
    return 0;
 +
}
 +
</syntaxhighlight>
 +
 +
The '''myWinMain()''' function is where the user code goes, the rest of '''WinMain''' is boilerplate to initialize and shut down the D runtime system.
 +
 +
3. A '''.def''' ([http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/ctgDefFiles.html Module Definition File]) with at least the following two lines in it:
 +
<pre>
 +
EXETYPE NT
 +
SUBSYSTEM WINDOWS
 +
</pre>
 +
Without those, Win32 will open a text console window whenever the application is run.
 +
 +
4. The presence of '''WinMain()''' is recognized by the compiler causing it to emit a reference to [http://www.digitalmars.com/ctg/acrtused.html __acrtused_dll] and the phobos.lib runtime library.
 +
 +
= Windows Programming Examples =
 +
A collection of over 140 Windows D programming code examples is available at [https://github.com/AndrejMitrovic/DWinProgramming this Github repository].
 +
 +
 +
[[Category:HowTo]]
 +
[[Category:Windows]]

Revision as of 21:01, 8 May 2020

Introduction

This describes the D implementation for 32 bit Windows systems. Naturally, Windows specific D features are not portable to other platforms.

Instead of the:

#include <windows.h>

of C, in D there is:

import core.sys.windows.windows;

Calling Conventions

In C, the Windows API calling conventions are __stdcall. In D, it is simply:

extern (Windows)
{
    /* ... function declarations ... */
}

The Windows linkage attribute sets both the calling convention and the name mangling scheme to be compatible with Windows.

For functions that in C would be __declspec(dllimport) or __declspec(dllexport), use the export attribute:

export void func(int foo);

If no function body is given, it's imported. If a function body is given, it's exported.

Windows Executables

Windows GUI applications can be written with D. A sample such can be found in \samples\d\winsamp.d

These are required:

1. Instead of a main function serving as the entry point, a WinMain function is needed.

2. WinMain must follow this form:

import core.runtime;
import core.sys.windows.windows;
import std.string;

extern (Windows)
int WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
            LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
    int result;

    try
    {
        Runtime.initialize();
        result = myWinMain(hInstance, hPrevInstance, lpCmdLine, nCmdShow);
        Runtime.terminate();
    }
    catch (Throwable e) 
    {
        MessageBoxA(null, e.toString().toStringz(), null,
                    MB_ICONEXCLAMATION);
        result = 0;     // failed
    }

    return result;
}

int myWinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance,
              LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
    // ... insert user code here ...
    return 0;
}

The myWinMain() function is where the user code goes, the rest of WinMain is boilerplate to initialize and shut down the D runtime system.

3. A .def (Module Definition File) with at least the following two lines in it:

EXETYPE NT
SUBSYSTEM WINDOWS

Without those, Win32 will open a text console window whenever the application is run.

4. The presence of WinMain() is recognized by the compiler causing it to emit a reference to __acrtused_dll and the phobos.lib runtime library.

Windows Programming Examples

A collection of over 140 Windows D programming code examples is available at this Github repository.